In an selection from their unexampled book , The Ransomware Hunting Team : A Band of Misfits ’ unconvincing Crusade to preserve the World From Cybercrime , writers Renee Dudley and Daniel Gold take readers inside the complex and mystic world of the hack underground . The book divulge the Indiana and out of the modern ransomware diligence , while also charting the tireless oeuvre of a squad of volunteer technologists who have devote their lives to queer the felonious scourge . In this excerpt , the author discover the effort of one such “ ransomware hunter , ” a talented gamey - school dropout turned security professional , who has made it his mission in life to reverse the damage due to criminals who originate and distribute the illegal malware .
In May 2016 , a ransomware group send for Apocalypse begin penetrating computer software that enable users to connect remotely to other computers . If the default linguistic communication of the computers it targeted was set to Russian , Ukrainian , or Belarusian , the ransomware would quit rather than code the files .
Apocalypse attract the attending of Fabian Wosar , a in high spirits schooltime dropout who became the creative force-out behind the antivirus company Emsisoft . Fabian turn up in Germany but now rarely guess outside his two - chamber apartment near London . Blue - eyed , balding and unshaven , he is perhaps the most skilled code - breaker on the Ransomware Hunting Team . Since it was take shape in 2016 , this obscure , invitation - only band of about a twelve technical school wizards in seven countries has prove remarkably effective in fighting ransomware , one of the most pervasive and quickest - grow cybercrime in the mankind .
Illustration: Mark Airs/Ikon Images (AP)
Ransomware is the unholy man and wife of hacking and cryptanalysis . Typically , the assailant capitalise on a cybersecurity flaw or get an unsuspecting mortal to open an attachment or flick a connection . Once inside a computing machine organization , ransomware code the files , rendering them inaccessible without the right-hand decryption keystone — the string of case that can unlock the information . By recall those keys , the Ransomware Hunting Team has saved zillion of victims — mortal , schools , hospitals , businesses , politics agencies — from devote trillion of one dollar bill to hackers , almost always without charge a centime .
As he had done with other types of ransomware many fourth dimension before , Fabian promptly deciphered three variant of what he called Apocalypse ’s “ unskilled codification , ” and portion out the keys with victims . As Apocalypse bring out six more versions , Fabian crack them , too .
A short time later , Apocalypse named a novel discrepancy Fabiansomware as a backhanded tribute to the ransomware hunter ’s expertise . Within the computer code , the gang inserted a dare : “ Crack me , motherfucker ! ”
Fabian ingest it in stride . “ They fell hard for me , ” he tweeted . “ If they were n’t so horrifying developers , I would almost be flattered . ”
The new name misdirect some victim into think that Fabian was the one wring from them . “ Stop your shit , ” one dupe write to him over Twitter . “ You cipher my waiter and guard me to ransom . ”
“ Just look up what I do before you keep to blockade yourself , ” Fabian return . “ I am a malware researcher who pissed off a ransomware gang by repeatedly decipher their shitty ransomware and allowing their victims to decrypt their files for free . ”
As he had done with Apocalypse , Fabian cracked the first two versions of his namesake ransomware . In October 2016 , before resign a third version , the ransomware ’s thwarted developer decided to save clip by running it by Fabian to see if it was unshakable .
“ Hello Fabian . I finished work on a novel rendering , do you need a sampling ? I can send off you . ”
“ Sure , ” Fabian respond .
The developer provided a link for Fabian to get at the sample . “ I m 100 % sure you ca nt crack it . ” Eleven hour later on : “ I would like to receive the response from you , as you like my computer code ? ”
Fabian noticed this version contained an image of his Twitter avatar — plump brass , bombilation cut , ignominious black - rimmed wire meth , and goatee — with one difference : a phallus channelise at him . He set aside the personal affront and started analyzing the ransomware .
“ I could still [ collapse it ] in some cases , ” Fabian wrote . “ Not all though . ”
The hacker then changed his tone , praising Fabian for breaking the prior translation “ like a Supreme Being , ” and asking how he was able to solve one of them in a unmarried mean solar day .
“ Since your operations were simplistic it would n’t take much to figure them out , ” Fabian explained .
“ Ok , thank you for your answer , ” the cyberpunk write . “ So allow ’s go on this mirthful state of war . ”
Fabian send the modify avatar on Twitter , explaining that it would be in an upcoming interlingual rendition of Fabiansomware . “ I enquire if this can be considered fan art , ” he compose .
A workweek later , the Apocalypse developer summarize the conversation , build an endeavor to recruit Fabian . “ If you have expert genius , you could take in real patronage and have a stack of money , why no ? ”
“ I have enough money to have a comfortable living , ” Fabian answered . “ I care and enjoy my job and I do n’t have to worry that a SWAT squad comes busting down my door . ”
approach like Apocalypse ’s were n’t uncommon . Ransomware developers reached out to compliment , insult , or give-and-take with the hunters — and to attempt to manipulate them . They shared the team ’s fascination with ransomware and many of the same skills . As the developer of Apocalypse aright pointed out , Fabian could have been one of the world ’s foremost ransomware attackers instead of one of its gravid ransomware hunters . Fabian and the hacker are “ kindred John Barleycorn , ” Ransomware Hunting Team co - founder Lawrence Abrams said . “ It ’s almost like a contest between them . ”
Within the ranks of both hunters and hacker are self - taught , underemployed technical school geek who sometimes miss social graces , like video games , and are familiar with some of the same motion-picture show . Like the Ransomware Hunting Team , most of the aggressor are vernal humans . They are concentrated in Eastern Europe , although scatter globally . In countries such as Russia and North Korea , some mob appear to bask a academic degree of politics protection — and , in some eccentric , to be weapons in an undeclared cyberwar .
Some of the hackers pride themselves on abiding by a code of ethics . For example , they loosely preserve their side of the bargain and restore computing machine access upon find a ransom . The gangs recognize that if they bring in a reputation as bivalent - crossers , future victims will be less probable to give . They rationalize their extortion in all sorts of ways . But even when they say it is n’t about the money , it credibly is . Their greed is the big difference between them and the team .
Fabian crack so many ransomware strains that thwarting cyber-terrorist became almost quotidian . So he was amuse when those triumphs were accompanied by the casual outburst of theatrical praise or protestation from the baddie .
Beaten hackers sometimes embedded messages to their nemesis in their ransomware code . Some fawned on him : “ FWosar you are the man , ” a developer enter in the text of NMoreira ransomware in recent 2016 . “ I am inspired by dudes who understand what they do .
“ Your bruteforcing puppet was amazing , I am really impressed . . . I also did nt test the Random Number Generator , that was a stupid matter to do . Hope you’re able to discover this too , I m not being sarcastic , you re really inspiring . clinch . ”
Fabian post the compliment on social medium . “ At least they are civil changeling this clip , ” he wrote . “ Still idiots , though . ”
Others plead with him . “ Fabian , please , do n’t crack me ! ” one attacker wrote . “ It is my last attack , If you snap this version then I will begin taking heroin ! ”
Unmoved , Fabian broke the ransomware and built a decryptor that victims could use to retrieve their Indian file for free . More often , the hackers insult him . Taunts like “ Crack me again , Fabian ! Show that you got ball ! ” stood out in the longsighted line of numbers and letters .
Sometimes , though , the insults felt like menace . One attacker advised him to “ lay of [ sic ] the cheeseburgers you are fat ! ” Even though his exercising weight was n’t a hush-hush — he appeared portly in his avatar double and had refer diet on Twitter — Fabian was unnerved . A hacker interested in his personal coming into court might search for his address or family .
He also discovered that someone had set a Twitter trap for him . It was a fake Fabian Wosar account statement that twirp an encoded message . When he decode it , he feel the reference of a web site that tracked IP addresses — the series of numbers that discover gimmick connected to the internet . If Fabian had visited the website from his home data processor , its hustler could have pinpointed his emplacement to a city or even a neighborhood . At the time , he was still living in his hometown of Rostock , Germany .
Even more alarming were the messages that comrade of the CryptON ransomware gang were sending him via online forums . CryptON attacked both home users and companies , but there was a helplessness in one of its algorithms . In 2017 , Fabian discovered the flaw and crack the first three versions . In a not - so - veiled warning , CryptON ’s developers , who were believed to be Russian Speaker , assure Fabian that their friends would care to visit him in Hamburg , Germany . He had listed Hamburg as his location on LinkedIn , since it was only about two hours ’ drive from Rostock and better known . “ They were implying that if they want to , they can get to me , so I better stay out of their patronage , ” he said .
He removed his personal details from sites like LinkedIn . But the episode was a blunt monitor that his work did more than serve victims recuperate files . Another event , unobserved to the team ’s member , was the hoo-ha of hackers ’ livelihoods . When Fabian break up their ransomware , their income dried up . For some hackers , that mean they could n’t feast their families . For others , it think await to buy a lavishness railway car . And if they had ties to hostile foreign governments , the stakes were much eminent , both for them and for Fabian .
He already had the Russian pack on his mind , as Rostock had a report for being a link of unionised crime . The Russian president of Wadan Yards , a shipyard a short space from Fabian ’s house , had been shot dead in an evident contract kill in Moscow in 2011 . Although there is scant evidence of lap between traditional coordinate law-breaking grouping and cybercriminals , Fabian became more and more paranoid as he detect baleful faces gaze at him in cafés and trailing him around his vicinity foodstuff store .
At the end of 2017 , he felt compelled to leave Germany to protect himself . He opted for the United Kingdom because of its stricter privateness law . He jazz he would overlook the Baltic Sea sea-coast , cool weather , and traditional sausages of his hometown , but he otherwise had no understanding to stay .
After Fabian relocate , the direct praise and taunts he ’d become accustomed to get from hackers became less frequent . It was n’t that he was off their radar . Rather , ransomware was mature as a business concern , and the hackers were becoming more professional .
Fabian had the sense that most of the hacker who ’d contacted him were either alone operator or members of a small group . By the time of his move , however , many ransomware developer were acting as part of larger gangs .
Eventually , the affiliate program process became competitive . The most ambitious gangs began to prefer affiliate with the expertise to get their ransomware inside large corporate , government activity , instruction , and healthcare targets that had much bass pocket than dwelling substance abuser . In job ads , prospective “ employers ” outlined specific qualifications , such as proficiency in Cobalt Strike , a legitimate dick , co - opted by hackers , that is used to identify system vulnerability . They also attempt affiliates with experience in cloud substitute systems ; if they could encrypt businesses ’ backups , they would eliminate the choice of mend files without paying a ransom . The ads asked applicants to take portfolio , with promising candidates invited for consultation .
“ Get ready for an audience and show your grounds of the quality of the induction , ” the advert said . “ We are not a test site , and the ‘ learners ’ and ‘ I will try ’ ” candidates need not apply .
REvil secernate nominee they would not be tolerate to spread the ransomware in the Commonwealth of Independent States , which includes Russia . If hired , they would get a 60 percent cut of ransom collected , upped to 70 pct after the first three defrayal . cognisant that competitors , law enforcement officers , and security researchers were viewing its advert , REvil keep launch the particular of its operation brief . “ More selective information can be obtained during the audience , ” it wrote .
REvil and other grouping go on hiring sprees , seeking dozens of hackers to spread their strains . Rival developers had to contend with one another for the most promising affiliate candidate , individuals in such demand that they seemed to have an advantage over their employer . Nothing could stop an affiliate from working with multiple ransomware gang — and attacking the same dupe with more than one strain .
As money poured into their operations , ransomware gang began to mirror the practice of logical business enterprise . Just as a manufacturer might hire other company to handle logistics or web design , ransomware developer more and more outsource labor beyond their view , concentre instead on improve the timber of their ransomware . The higher - quality ransomware — which , in many compositor’s case , the Ransomware Hunting Team could not break — resulted in more and mellow payouts from victims . The monumental payments enable pack to reinvest in their enterprises . They hired more specialiser , and their success accelerated .
Criminals raced to bring together the booming ransomware economy . Underworld ancillary table service providers burgeon forth up or pivoted from other criminal work to touch developers ’ need for customized support . Partnering with gangs like GandCrab , “ cryptor ” providers ensured that ransomware could not be find by standard anti - malware scanners . “ Initial entree securities firm ” particularise in stealing credentials and finding vulnerabilities in mark mesh , and sold that access code to ransomware operators and affiliate . Bitcoin “ tumbler ” offered discount rate to crew that used them as a favored vendor for laundering ransom payments . Some contractors were open to working with any work party , while others entered exclusive partnerships .
“ That ’s similar to the normal world , ” said John Fokker , head of cyber investigations at the California - based cybersecurity party Trellix . “ When multitude specialise and the business organisation is grow , they ’ll separate off certain services that before they had to do by themselves . You see the same thing in the underground as well . ”
Some crew even outsource their negotiations to specialized providers . Since many hackers lack a command of English , hiring a professional to intercommunicate with victim seemed like a savvy business organization move . But , just like in the legitimate business worldly concern , outsourcing could backfire . With multiple mathematical group using the same service of process , negotiation sometimes became higgledy-piggledy . One contractile organ simultaneously negotiated in online chats with victims of two grouping , Maze and DoppelPaymer . Relying on a script , the negotiator mistakenly failed to replace the word “ Maze ” with “ DoppelPaymer ” throughout the DoppelPaymer negotiation , make confusion and delay .
Lizzie Cookson , a U.S.-based negotiator intimate with the victims ’ side of the Maze - DoppelPaymer admixture - up , said the crew ’ outsourcing added a “ headache to this whole process . ”
“ We ’ve known for a long time that we ’re not really interacting with the developer ‘ human face to fount , ’ so to speak , anymore , ” Cookson tell . “ Which is too high-risk because thing were a pile more straightforward then . ”
When victims asked members of the Ransomware Hunting Team for advice on how to protect themselves from future attacks , they always suggested keeping authentic data backup . But another twist in ransomware ’s evolution made that advocate seem futile .
In November 2019 , the Maze group pioneered a tactic that became known as “ dual extortion . ” The group exfiltrated victims ’ files before cypher them , then used the stolen datum as leverage in ransom negotiation . If victims refused to pay the ransom , Maze would leak the data .
Backup files might hold open dupe from encoding , but not from massive data point leak . Even if victims had backup man , they still would have to compensate a ransom , or their secret datum would be posted on the dark web . This would mean public disclosure of rational property ; police force evidence ; military secrets ; individual medical , educational , and employment records ; and more .
Double extortion made ransomware more dangerous and irregular than ever . It also meant that ransomware attacks had to be treat as data breaches , with victims call for to abide by relevant state and federal laws to give notice employees , clients , patients , and others whose data was compromise . With this added province , the costs of recovering from an attack continued to arise , just as public reliance in data privacy and security continued to erode .
Like Maze , REvil launched a making water situation , which it called Happy Blog . There , it publish names of victim as well as data it had stolen from them . Its high - profile victims include a law of nature business firm representing Lady Gaga and other fame , the money - exchange mountain range Travelex , and the American style brand Kenneth Cole . REvil shook the tech public when in April 2021 it published blueprint for Apple product , including an unreleased MacBook ; the group say it had steal the documents from the laptop maker Quanta Computer , a fundamental Apple provider .
Chicago data privacy attorney Michael Waters represented a plastic surgical operation group whose data was stolen in a doubled - extortion attack , including before - and - after photos of patients who had undergo bosom augmentation surgery . The hackers contacted those patients by email and include personal photos in their messages . “ They threatened to post them online unless payment was made , ” water supply said .
In improver to giving them leverage in negotiation , the shimmy to information rift also emboldened gangs to become more originative in canvassing for targets . REvil breached insurance troupe , intending to search for lists of their cyber policyholder . bang that such policies often covered ransom payment , REvil then target the caller they found . “ Yes , this is one of the tastiest morsels , ” Unknown enounce . “ Especially to cut the insurers first — to get their client understructure and piece of work in a targeted room from there . And after you go through the list , then hit the insurance company themselves . ”
In another instauration , Maze formed what Ransomware Hunting Team member Lawrence Abrams dub a “ cartel , ” banding together with other gang to partake in a common data point leak site . Maze told Lawrence in June 2020 that consolidate resources would lead to “ mutual beneficial final result , for both actor groups and companies . . . organisational questions is behind every successful business . ”
That December , Lawrence wrote an clause for his influential web site , BleepingComputer , that address the question of how victims could be certain their stolen data point would be deleted after pay a ransom money . The answer , he learn , was that they could n’t . REvil had re - extorted victims with threat to post data week after they paid for the file to be deleted . A handful of other groups had posted datum from companies that had paid . Even Maze , despite assurances that victims could trust its word , had mistakenly posted a target ’s datum on its leak internet site . Lawrence distinguish reviewer to expect the worst .
“ There is no way for a victim to recognise for trusted if a ransomware operation is deleting stolen data after a ransom defrayment is made , ” Lawrence wrote . “ company should automatically adopt that their data has been divvy up among multiple scourge actors and that it will be used or leak in some mode in the hereafter , regardless of whether they paid . ”
By early 2021 , alarmed by ransomware ’s higher profile and the gang ’ increasingly abrasive tactic , some little players were having second thoughts . One of these actor was a cyberpunk who proceed by the Russian version of the name Adrian on the messaging platform Telegram .
Adrian preferred to use a Russian name because his father was Russian and he wanted to voice intimidating . “ The most serious hacker are from Russia , ” he said . But he was actually populate in a halfway Eastern country where computer hacking was also common .
He grew up loving estimator and wreak video game like CounterStrike : Global Offensive and Fall Guys . He graduate from high school but did n’t go to college and never take for a real caper . He said he did n’t forget the household often because “ all of my world is related to computers . ” His interest in tech led him to fall in whoop television channel on Telegram . From there , he entered the world of cybercrime , brute - forcing into servers secured with weak passwords .
In 2020 , Adrian pivoted to ransomware because he otherwise “ could n’t make money easy . ” Like many of his adversaries on the Ransomware Hunting Team , he taught himself cryptography , learn from books and videos online . He then modernize his own ransomware strain , which he based on Phobos . He called it Ziggy after an iridescent snake discovered in Laos in 2016 ; the snake itself was name Ziggy Stardust in honor of late Isaac M. Singer David Bowie ’s alter ego .
Although Ziggy ’s attacks helped him buy intellectual nourishment and a fresh computer , Adrian enounce he was incite more by politics than by money . He target users in the United States and Israel but demand only a $ 200 ransom money , an absurdly small amount compared to the seven- and eight - material body demand other groups were do . He split the proceeds with an affiliate who found the dupe . Ziggy ’s code delineate an strange “ whitelist ” of locations where the ransomware would automatically shut off rather than encrypt the target : Iran , Syria , Lebanon , and Palestine .
After about a year , during which he netted about $ 3,000 from dupe , Adrian began feeling guilty and dreaded . Law enforcement globally and in the United States had just interrupt a major ransomware spread botnet as well as the Netwalker stock . Another smaller ransomware developer , who was Adrian ’s mentor , had recently abandon his own strain , called Fonix . Corresponding over Telegram , Fonix ’s God Almighty told Adrian he was distressing that he had bruise citizenry . Adrian sound out he reflected on those words and prayed for counsel . He worried about what his parents and booster would think if they found out what he had done .
Adrian decide he wanted out . He contacted the Ransomware Hunting Team and become over keys it could utilize to help dupe of Ziggy recover their files . The next calendar month , BleepingComputer report that Ziggy was offering refunds to victims who ’d make up a ransom . “ They plan to change slope and become a ransomware hunter after returning the money , ” the clause said .
Lighter after his satisfaction , Adrian still worried about law enforcement coming for him . “ I do n’t like to see people unhappy , ” he said . “ It feel very bad . In our religion hurting people it is something named HARAM . . . But now i gave up . Am i felonious now ? ”
If anyone from the big ransomware mob was feeling remorse , Fabian assure no grounds of it . Still , he desire to make certain the Ransomware Hunting Team could capitalise on any second thoughts . In an unusual overture , Fabian opened a virtual confessional where hack could get along clean about their sins and atone by anonymously broadcast him decryption keys . Practically speak , the confessional was an invoice on a message overhaul favor by cybercriminals . In July 2021 , he tweeted the details to his more than ten thousand Twitter followers .
“ I have created an XMPP account to make it soft for people to anonymously mail me cardinal dumps , ” he twitch . “ So if you want to off - lade your key database when you shut down your cognitive process , feel costless to touch me at[email protected ] – no questions asked . ”
doubter emerged immediately . “ savor the junk e-mail , ” one follower replied . “ It will be rough . ”
“ Nothing so far , ” Fabian responded the next day . “ I am actually questioning if it is working . ”
Another called him an “ absolute madlad , ” slang for insane . “ Really asked people to bomb him with spam , ” the follower compose .
undiscouraged , Fabian reply : “ Whatever it takes to get some ransomware victims their data back . ”
Like a blase priest waiting on his side of the privacy screen , Fabian stood by patiently and hopefully for penitents to amount ahead . sure enough enough , over the trend of the first month , they began to filter in . These evildoer , however , did n’t want remission of sin ; they desire retaliation .
Most of Fabian ’s correspondent were hackers who claimed they were scammed out of money or otherwise wronged by their mate in criminal offence . Others reach him with information that could doom competitors . They provided Fabian with details of breaches and impend attack , and they turned over decoding keys for those that had already taken place . The communication benefited both parties : Fabian helped fair game prevent or retrieve from attacks , while the hacker sabotaged their foes — with low risk of being finger .
In late August , a hacker connected to the ransomware radical El_Cometa reach out to Fabian . antecedently known as SynAck , which had been attacking victim since 2017 , El_Cometa emerged in August 2021 . sulphurous infighting ensue , and the hacker , who identify vulnerable targets , felt cheated out of money by one of the group ’s partners . To settle the score , the hacker decided to weaken the whole operation . The drudge gave Fabian decoding keys for El_Cometa ’s victims as well as logarithm - in detail for the cloud storage where their steal information was kept .
In addition , the hacker establish Fabian details about objective whose system had been compromised but not yet encrypted and cogent evidence of “ backdoors”—secret incoming points left behind by intruders that permit for future entree — placed in those mesh to ensure continued access . These victim of impending attack include the North Carolina – based turkey caller Butterball .
The correspondent read Fabian a elaborated mapping of one of Butterball ’s networks and a screenshot of domain admin credentials that include comically well-fixed passwords like Butterball1 and G0bb1er . work through the night , Fabian tried unsuccessfully to achieve Butterball to warn them about what he ’d ascertain . Around 1:00 a.m. London time , obsessed and frustrated , he ventilate on Twitter .
“ I detest it when you know a company is about to be come to by ransomware but you ca n’t get anyone there to listen to you or answer a call , ” he write , without name Butterball or how he knew it was on the verge of catastrophe . “ We know their security already failed them . Ransomware deployment is imminent . 1B+ US company . ”
Two day afterward , Fabian updated his followers . “ We managed to pass on the company and handed over the info we had to them , ” he wrote . “ They were already in the process of taking appropriate actions , which is first-class news and kudos to their IT stave for catch on to the encroachment severally . ”
Butterball later on apprise “ individual whose personal data may have been access ” that someone had hacked into its web and sample to upload file to a cloud server ; the companionship said it detect the “ untrusting activity ” within an hour , halted the upload , and cancel the transplant files .
After partake in the breach detail with Butterball , Fabian matte quenched . The Ransomware Hunting Team had now contacted every victim distinguish by the El_Cometa hacker .
“ We managed to attain all of these victims and potential victims , ” Fabian write on Twitter . “ We leave free decryption tools to the victims where the ransomware was already deployed and handed over all information garbage dump we obtained to their IT team and [ jurisprudence enforcement agencies ] . It ’s been a respectable week after all . ”
In the month that follow , newfangled hackers messaged Fabian every few workweek . rightful to the role of confessor , Fabian cast no sound judgment . Granting cyber-terrorist the infinite to open up about their transgressions without disgrace would , he believed , help them feel comfortable spilling their secrets . He also get wind that the most effective room to take out information was to make it clear that he was disposed to do the hackers ’ ill-gotten body of work — letting them think “ that they ’re taking advantage of me instead of the other way around , ” he said .
Now that Fabian was in steady contact with his opponent again , he saw up close how the landscape had changed . He was dealing with hackers inside heavy work party rather than with humble , support - alone operator . He understand that affiliates had no allegiance to their groups and vice versa . Money , and nothing else , established trueness among his correspondents .
Yet some things , like a partake in enchantment with cryptanalysis , had n’t changed at all . Sometimes , even as they sought revenge on their enemies , the hacker took a few present moment to angle for Fabian ’s approval of their handcraft or to worship at his ransomware altar . Those messages prompt him of the banter he ’d exchanged years earlier with Apocalypse , whose developer had called him “ a god . ”
“ People who create ransomware have a sure appreciation for the skill and knowledge to do what we on the Hunting Team do , ” Fabian said . “ Coming to me , this is their way of showing respect . ”
This clause originally appeared inThe Ransomware Hunting Team : A Band of Misfits ’ marvellous Crusade to Save the World From Cybercrime , by Renee Dudley and Daniel Golden , published by Farrar , Straus and Giroux on Oct. 25 , 2022 .
Computer securityMisfitsSecurity
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