From 1852 to 1953, the inmates of France’s infamous Devil’s Island penal colony in the Caribbean died en masse from malnutrition, disease, and futile escape attempts.
Antoine Hubert / FlickrDevil ’s Island , also called Île du Diable , is one of French Guiana ’s Îles du Salut , or Salvation Islands .
At first glance , Devil ’s Island looks like paradise . stud with medallion Tree and surrounded by sparkling water system , its beauty negate a horrific truth — for almost 100 years , tens of thousands of men pass on its shores while living in a Gallic penal colony .
From 1852 to 1953 , Devil ’s Island — which in reality encompasses three island off the coast of French Guiana and a slice of Cayenne — housed French prisoners . Their crimes ranged from outrage Napoleon III to murder . But some , like Gallic soldier Alfred Dreyfus , had n’t done anything at all .
Antoine Hubert/FlickrDevil’s Island, also called Île du Diable, is one of French Guiana’s Îles du Salut, or Salvation Islands.
Nevertheless , they all suffered equally . The men immure at Devil ’s Island endured rampant disease , malnutrition , and mistreatment by guards . Few ever return to France .
This is the level of Devil ’s Island , one of the globe ’s most brutal punishable settlement .
The Creation Of Devil’s Island
Before becoming a punishable dependency , Devil ’s Island was see as a place of salvation — literally . In the 1760s , French settlers decimated by yellow pyrexia seek refuge on the trio of island eight miles off the shoring of French Guiana .
Wikimedia CommonsNapoleon III seized might in 1851 and send many of his political enemies to Devil ’s Island .
They bring up them Île Royale for their king , Île St Joseph for the protection of a saint , and Île du Diable because of the shark - infested water . They dubbed the little archipelago Îles du Salut , the Salvation Islands .
Wikimedia CommonsNapoleon III seized power in 1851 and sent many of his political enemies to Devil’s Island.
But one hundred years after , Gallic emperor Napoleon III knock the Îles du Salut to help a different determination — to hold prisoners .
Napoleon III sought to resolve several job with Devil ’s Island . First , he wanted to get free of anyone who had opposed his December 1851 coup d’état . He sent prisoners to Devil ’s Island just days after conquer power — including 239 republicanswho had resist his power grab .
However , Napoleon III did n’t commit prisoners to Devil ’s Island merely out of spite . The penal settlement hadseveral other reward to the French government as well .
Bettmann/Getty ImagesConvicts in France board the boat that will transport them across the Atlantic to Devil’s Island, c. 1910.
First and foremost , it would take out dangerous criminals from the country . Secondly , the convicts could avail jumpstart the imprison colonization of French Guiana . And eventually , they provided inexpensive confinement as a replacement to the enslaved universe in the colony , which France had freed in 1848 .
Soon , ships full of prisoners mark sail toward French Guiana — and the punishable colony of Devil ’s Island .
Life In The Caribbean Penitentiary
Before come at Devil ’s Island , prisoner first had to survive the hybridizing . Not all did . The men were lock in cages together and often broke out into fights which leave one or more dead . Ship officials also used steam and sulfur to punish anyone who disobeyed orderliness .
Bettmann / Getty ImagesConvicts in France room the sauceboat that will transport them across the Atlantic to Devil ’s Island , c. 1910 .
Upon arrival , prisoners first go to St - Laurent - du - Maroni , a town on French Guiana ’s Maroni river . There , they were divide into unlike category and sent to different prisons . Some went to St Laurent ’s Camp de la Transportation to work as loggers . “ Worse ” captive were sent to the Îles du Salut .
Wikimedia CommonsAlfred Dreyfus on Devil’s Island.
But no matter where captive ended up , few make out well . Some 40 percentage did n’t even make it their first twelvemonth . They were blame off , one by one , by rampant diseases and lack of food .
As if that were n’t enough , prisoners also endured savage intervention from their guard . Housed in midget , colored cells , they were forestall from talking , smoking , reading , or even sitting before nightfall . sentry go patrolled along a power system - same ceiling so that they could look down into the cellular telephone . They wear off slippers so that the prisoners could n’t hear them coming .
Before long , the penal dependency wasknown as the “ Dry Guillotine”because of its high death rate rate . But Devil ’s Island had an literal closure by compartment too — just in case anyone act out .
J. Cuinieres/Roger Viollet/Getty ImagesHenri Charrière was one of the few prisoners who managed to escape Devil’s Island. And he did it twice.
However , even if someone did survive the crossing and the conditions on Devil ’s Island , they probably never went back to France .
Under the policy ofdoublage , convicts could n’t pull up stakes French Guiana once they finished their punishment . Instead , they had to remain for a time period equal to their original sentence — and anyone with a sentence of more than eight yr was exiled for life .
Alfred Dreyfus: One Of Devil Island’s Most Famous Prisoners
Of the tens of thousands of man who served time on Devil ’s Island , one stands out : Alfred Dreyfus .
Wikimedia CommonsAlfred Dreyfus on Devil ’s Island .
In 1894 , the French government convicted Dreyfus , a young military officer , of lese majesty . In a public ceremony , Dreyfus ’s fellow officer ripped the laurel wreath from his bureau , broke his sword , and marched him around , jeering , “ Death to Judas , death to the Jew . ”
Cayambe/Wikimedia CommonsRuins of a prison building on Île Royale.
Dreyfus protest his innocence . He had been charged with giving military closed book to the Germans , but his handwriting did n’t even match the grounds presented at court . Indeed , at a time when French national loyalty still hinge on being Catholic , Dreyfus had been convict based on being Jewish more than anything else .
The government condemned Dreyfus to a life sentence on Devil ’s Island . “ It is only fair , ” Dreyfus write morosely to his wife . “ No pity should be shown to a two-timer ; he is the low scoundrel , and inasmuch as I interpret such a villain , I can only approve . ”
For four long years , Dreyfus endured a torturous universe on Devil ’s Island . Living in an separated cabin on the Île du Diable , Dreyfus was shackled to his bottom , fed rancid pork , and forbidden from utter with other prisoners .
But back in France , the lunar time period had begin to turn in his favour . In an open alphabetic character entitle “ J’accuse ! ” French writer Emile Zola accused the Gallic government of framing Dreyfus in a massive cover - up .
And , eventually , the French governance relented . They offered Dreyfus a pardon in 1899 . He accepted even though it meant an acknowledgment of guilt trip .
“ The government activity of the Republic has founder me back my exemption , ” Dreyfus said . “ It is nothing for me without my honor . ”
However , the Gallic government amply acquit Dreyfus in 1906 .
Henri Charrière’s Famous Escape
Another of Devil Island ’s most famous captive isHenri Charrière . He too escaped imprisonment — albeit in a totally different mode .
J. Cuinieres / Roger Viollet / Getty ImagesHenri Charrière was one of the few prisoners who care to hightail it Devil ’s Island . And he did it twice .
Charrière , a former Parisian gangster , was send to Devil ’s Island in 1931 . Although he defend his innocence , Charrière was convict of murder a ponce and sentence to life story in prison .
But Charrière started plotting his dodging as before long as he arrive . Three twelvemonth into his condemnation , he establish his first outflow endeavour . imposingly , Charrière made it off the island . But French authorities quickly catch up to him . They sentenced him to two years of solitary confinement .
undiscouraged , Charrière adjudicate to bunk seven more times . Others might have given up , but not Charrière . On the eighth endeavour , he manage to take flight by building a mint out of coconuts .
Charrière navigate the shark - infested water to Venezuela . There , he settled down , had a family , and wrote an volatile Holy Scripture entitledPapillion , his mobster name , about his time on Devil ’s Island .
The Gallic government formally pardoned Charrière in 1970 , and Hollywood subsequently turned his book into the 1973 movie of the same name star Steve McQueen and Dustin Hoffman .
Devil’s Island Today
Cayambe / Wikimedia CommonsRuins of a prison building on Île Royale .
But by the time Charrière thrash about his coconut passel in the piddle , Devil Island ’s day were amount . revulsion stories had drift across the ocean . The Gallic administration officially terminate sending prisoner to the island in 1938 , but World War II would interrupt its complete closure , and a few more would come in until 1946 .
It was n’t until 1953 that the last captive still hold at Devil ’s Island left for right .
In its 100 years of operation , Devil ’s Island had imprisoned 80,000 hands . Tens of G of them — perhaps as many as three quarters — died there . prison house official tossed their corpses in the water , ringing a bell that alarm the sharks to swarm and feast .
Today , the bedazzle sun above Devil ’s Island obscures the horrors that deal stead . But it ca n’t wholly erase them . Visitors to Île Royale , Île St Joseph , and Île du Diable will find prison ruins in the jungle .
Like a scrape on the land , their barricade windows , corrode cuff , and Oliver Stone cots serve as a stoical reminder . Once , this slice of paradise held true horrors .
After teach about Devil ’s Island , read about the notorious Civil War prison calledAndersonville Prisonor about the horrors of Joseph Stalin’s“Cannibal Island . ”
